Are there more stomata per mm2 on old leaves or young leaves Essays

Are there more stomata per mm2 on old leaves or young leaves Essays Are there more stomata per mm2 on old leaves or young leaves Essay Are there more stomata per mm2 on old leaves or young leaves Essay I will take some old leaves and some young leaves. I aim to use three of each. I think this is a realistic amount to use because it is a slow process. The leaves I will use will be from a cherry laurel bush (prunus laurocerasus). I will know which leaves are young and which are old by their colour and size. Young leaves are small and a lighter green. Old leaves are larger, and a darker green. First, I will clean the leaf, to remove dust and dirt. Then I will paint 1cm2 of clear nail-varnish on the underside of the leaf, because that is where the stomata are. I will paint the nail-varnish to one side of the mid-rib, but not too near the edge.I will then leave it to dry, while I measure the size of the microscopes field of view, on medium power. To do this, I will use the graticule to measure its diameter, then divide this in half to find the radius. Then I will use the radius measurement in the formula ?r2 to work out the area of the field of view. When the nai l-varnish is fully dry, I will carefully peel it off with a pair of forceps, and place it on a slide the same way up as it was on the leaf. Then I will look at it under the microscope. It will be a perfect imprint of the underside of the leaf. I will count the number of stomata I can see in the field of view, and use the area of the field of view to work out how many stomata there are per mm2. I will repeat this process with all of the leaves.Controls and variablesThe only variable in my experiment will be the age of the leaf. I will try to ensure that all the other conditions remain the same.* I will make sure that all the young leaves are the same size, and all the old leaves are the same size. This will mean that there will not be a range of ages.* I will put the nail varnish on the same part of the leaf, as the number of stomata may vary, according to where they are on the leaf.* I will keep the same nail varnish at the same thickness, so they all peel off in the same way.* I wi ll always use the same magnification medium power, so that the field of view will remain constant.* I will choose leaves from the same side of the same bush, so that all the leaves will have developed in the same conditions.* I will not distort the nail-varnish peel by pressing down on it, changing the results.PredictionI think that age does not affect the amount of stomata on a leaf because of the way in which leaves grow. New leaf cells develop around the edges of the leaf in meristem tissues, the cells of which are able to divide infinitely. After division is complete, genetic programming determines what sort of cell it will become. As a result, whether a cell becomes the one of a stomatas guard cells or not, and the frequency at which they develop is already fixed by the plants genetic programming, which does not change. Therefore, the number of stomata a leaf has per mm2 will remain constant throughout its existence, regardless of its age.Obtaining ResultsWhen I chose my three young leaves, I made sure that they were the smallest leaves I could find. They were all of a very similar size on average 5cm long, and of a light green colour. The three older leaves were all much larger on average 15cm long and of a darker green colour. I collected all the leaves from the same side of the same bush, and at the same height to ensure that they had all grown in the identical conditions. When I took them back to the laboratory, I painted them all with the same brand of nail-varnish, of an equal thickness and area, and in the same position, on the underside of the leaf, where the stomata are.I left them all to dry for 24 hours. While they were drying, I measured my field of view. I set the microscope to medium power, with the x10 eyepiece, then noted which microscope I was using, and the settings, so that they would always be the same. Then using a graticule, I measured the diameter of the field of view. It was 0.6mm long. Then I divided this by 2 to find the radiu s, and used it in the formula ?r2, to calculate the area: ? x 0.32 = 0.283mm2When the nail varnish was dry, I used a pair of forceps to peel the nail varnish off the leaves. Each time, I peeled a section off, I placed it on a clean slide, and labelled the slide to show whether it was a young leaf or an old leaf. When all the nail-varnish had been peeled off and put on slides, I started to make my observations. I placed a slide under the microscope, focused on the image and counted the stomata I could see. As well as counting the full ones, I also counted the ones that were only partially in the field of view. I counted them slowly and accurately, then wrote down my findings. Then I worked out how many there would be per mm2 for each result. To do this I worked out how much smaller my field of view was in proportion to a mm2:1 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.283 = 3.53This meant that I had to multiply each of my results by 3.53 to obtain the number of stomata per mm2. I put these results into a table :Old LeavesYoung LeavesNumber of stomata per mm2204.9129.7190.8188.7130.7159.6I thought these results looked quite random, so I decided to look at some more leaves. I prepared them in exactly the same way as I had done before: The leaves were of the same size, colour, and position on the same bush. I used the same thickness, area and brand of nail-varnish in the same position on the underside of the leaf, and left them for the same amount of time. When I made observations, I used the same microscope, power and eyepiece as I had done the first time. I counted the stomata in the same way as I had done before, and worked out the calculations in the same way. However, I only had time to do two more young and old leaves. I added these results to the table:Old LeavesYoung LeavesNumber of stomata per mm2204.9129.7190.8188.7130.7159.6141.3166.7159.0156.1Average165.3160.2AnalysingMy results indicate that the number of stomata varies from leaf to leaf, but when the mean is compared between ol d and young leaves the results are very similar they only differ by 3%, or 5 stomata. This suggests that the age does not affect the number of stomata per mm2 on a leaf. This is a graph of my results:My findings support my prediction because they prove that age does not affect on the amount of stomata per mm2 that a plant has. I think this is due to the way in which leaves grow. New leaf cells develop around the edges of the leaf in meristem tissues, the cells of which are able to divide infinitely. After division is complete, genetic programming determines what sort of cell it will become. As a result, whether a cell becomes the one of a stomatas guard cells or not, and the frequency at which they develop is already fixed by the plants genetic programming, which does not change. Therefore, the number of stomata a leaf has per mm2 will remain constant throughout its existence, regardless of its age. The number of stomata may vary from leaf to leaf due to differences in the stomatas positioning on the leaf.EvaluatingI think that the evidence I obtained is as accurate as I could make it. The observations I made are quite accurate, because I counted the stomata as well as I could, but, due to slight imperfections on the surface of the nail-varnish, some small parts were not in focus. This meant that in these parts the stomata were difficult to count. However, I do not think that I made any major mistakes. I do not think that there are any anomalous results. The procedure was very suitable, because using a nail-varnish peel is the only way to count the stomata with the equipment that I had access to. The microscope I used relied on light shining through the specimen, and it is impossible to look at leaves in this way due to their thickness. The reliability if my evidence could have been improved by obtaining more results.If I had looked at more leaves, then I would have been able to calculate more accurate averages. Also, I should have ensured that I always looke d at exactly the same part of the leaf, as precisely as possible, in case the number of stomata per mm2 varied greatly depending on where it was on the leaf. I always painted my nail-varnish in about the same place, over an area of 1cm, but my microscope was only able to look at 0.283mm2. This means that the particular place on the leaf that I looked at could have varied enormously from leaf to leaf. I think my evidence is sufficient to support a firm conclusion, because, despite the fact that I only did 5 of each different age, they still showed that age does not seem to have an effect on the number of stomata per mm2 a leaf has. However, I think that there is a way that I could have provided additional evidence for a conclusion.The best way to discover whether age affects the number of stomata per mm2 that a leaf has would be to look at the same leaf as it matures. I could have left the leaf growing on the tree, and painted the nail-varnish on without taking the leaf off the tree, then taken the dry nail-varnish peel back to the laboratory to observe. I could have marked where I had painted the nail-varnish the last time, and each month, I could have repeated the experiment, comparing it to the last result I had got. This way I would know for sure how age affects the stomata, because I would be looking at the same leaf as it grew in the same conditions, rather that different leaves, growing in slightly different conditions. Also, when I drew a graph of my results, the data would be continuous, allowing me plot a line graph and discover the true relationship between the age of a leaf and the amount of stomata it has.

Business Ethics And Surrounding Theories Philosophy Essay

Business Ethics And Surrounding Theories Philosophy Essay Business ethics for quite some time now has been a global issue as the case maybe in business deliveries. Business ethics may be defined as way managers take decision that will make their business reputation to be morally sound in business transaction. It entails that transparency is involve in decision making, ethical issue in business delivery is very vital to protect the image of the company (Boatright 2007). Business ethics help’s manager’s to take the right decision in business transaction in other to keep their business moving at a rapid growth in the economy (Nash 1990) Ethics can also be defined as the study of how morality are involve in human decision to build their business reputation (Borland 1999).Ethical solution to business transaction has a lot possible solution to make business to deliver it objectives. The term ethics also has another, quite different use as the case may be which is to denote the field of moral philosophy. Every manager has a way to s how transparency and accountability to the business approach, in other to make the right decision in business. ETHICAL THEORIES Teleological frameworks: these are the conduct of an individual or the outcome of an individual action.(mill, 1864).Ethical egoism entails that the decision that individual take will be in mutual interest of the organisation and balance it to be mutual beneficial in business transaction. Ego is derived from a Latin word meaning self, ethical egoism allows for self-interests to play a role in the actions of the individual as long as there are also positive benefits for others. The level of rationalization may evolve into the justification that pursuing a person self- interest is necessary to generate a positive outcome for others.(Beauchamp and Bowie 1997). Deontological frameworks: This aspect focuses whether the action is right or wrong on ethical issues. The duty of the person taking such decision is highly considered as the case may be in ethics. Ethical theories; these theories involves the way or approach which are linked with philosophical empiricism and utilitarianism.(George 1999). The act of utilitarianism deals with the decision that one will take which will make him feel relax in business transaction and the outcome of the business will be positive depending on the application. The rule utilitarian states that the decision the manager’s will result in potential rules of action. (Graham 1990). Business reputation in the context of business to business, deals with a way manager relate with other vital issue which will protect the image of the company. If adherence to the rule produces more positive result than otherwise, it is a rule that morally will be highly considered. The distinction between act and rule utilitarianism is based on the outcome should be highly considered in calculating the effect on business related issues. UTILITARIANISM: According to utilitarianism, our obligation or duty in any situation is to p erform the action that will result in the possible balance of good over evil. ln classical utilitarianism, pleasure is taken to be more beneficial to compare with pain and harms which are evil.

Why do the scientific community and the public have different views Essay

Why do the scientific community and the public have different views about the nature and validity of global climate change - Essay Example 457). These developments seemingly established the presence of several defects in climate science. Moreover, in the initial stages, the media was given to quoting scientists, with respect to global warming. As such, scientists were deemed to be the primary sources of such information. Subsequently, the media resorted to quoting politicians, interests groups and other entities who had a vested interest in the ramifications of this issue (Durfee & Corbett, 2005, p. 88). The media, with its penchant for sensationalism, had preferred to promote the view that there was considerable uncertainty regarding global warming. Furthermore, a small section of scientists disagree with the mainstream scientific evaluation regarding global warming. These individuals entertain various opinions regarding the cause behind this phenomenon. Some of these scientists declare that it has not been determined whether the primary cause of global warming is human activity (Haldar, 2010, p. 140). On the other hand, there are a few scientists who ascribe global warming to increased solar activity, cosmic rays, natural variation, ocean currents, or unidentified natural causes (Haldar, 2010, p. 141). Nevertheless, some of the studies on global warming have contended that the contemporary level of solar activity is at a maximum. This has been conjectured on the basis of sunspot activity and other factors. The Sun’s output can vary, on account of solar activity. Researchers, such as Solanki have held that solar activity for the past 6 to 7 decades could have been the greatest in eight millennia (Haldar, 2010, p. 141). However, they have declared that solar activity is not a significant contributor to the contemporary global warming. In addition, modern science presents its results as probabilistic and statistical data. Thus, there is no certainty, and this increases with the complexity of the phenomena being considered. A

Ethics in Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Ethics in Criminal Justice - Essay Example Blagojevich was, ultimately, found guilty of nearly 20 different counts of soliciting bribes, conspiracy to illicit and accept bribes, wire fraud, conspiracy to commit extortion, and attempted extortion.(Davey, and Emma G. Fitzsimmons ) But why does it exist? What causes people within politics to attempt such acts? What can be done to deter and prevent it? In order to get the answers to these questions it is necessary to understand more about corruption in government. Political corruption has a very strict definition, in that it involves political decision makers at high levels of the political system. When the people who are charged with the responsibility of making and upholding the laws are the very people who are corrupt, that is political corruption. It is widely accepted that corruption and the temptation to commit it is highly dependent on a person’s ability to believe they can successfully â€Å"get away with it.† The act of bribery, extortion, selling votes, accepting gifts and kickbacks are all reprehensible behaviors that can undermine the people’s faith in their elected officials. The overall cost of corruption is, also, rather high, and manifest in three typical ways. The first is, is the funds required to finance the bribes to get the favorable treatment , financing meetings, maintaining silence, and negotiating all add cost to whatever endeavor the involved group are attempting to illicit. The second, corruptio n can undermine the efficiency of the free market. Lastly, it can misrepresent resources towards the projects that generate â€Å"payoffs.†(Lanza, 2004) There are two ways that are encouraged to help curtail and deter corruption. The first is eliminating opportunity. Much in the way businesses are working harder and harder to fortify their companies from potential fraud. They structure their company to make the likelihood of successfully succeeding in committing fraud more and more risky to attempt.

Medieval Art :: Essays Papers

Medieval Art As far as I have seen through my research of medieval art, it is the art of the glorious days of kingdoms, knights, huge cathederals and wars. Historicians can not give dates for the medieval period but I understood that it is before renaissance at around 16th century, around 14th and 15th centuries but not before the 10th. Same as other art movements it is inevitably result of the events, beliefs and daily life of the period’s nations. Religion was obviously very important at that time. Many paintings are about Jesus, saints and angels. Frescos and carvings on chappels’ and cathederals’ walls and ceilings are still astonishingly detailed and realistic even for the viewer of our time. Architecture in the medieval is exaggurated. Because it is based on expressing the glory of god and the kings, huge buildings, castles and cathederals are ornamented with big arcs, frescos and carvings (Notre Damme in Paris is a good example). Animals such as lions and imaginary beasts like dragons and gargoyles were obviously popular among those times’ architects and artists. I think the key word for the period is â€Å"gothic† and it is based on ornamentation. I know that medieval art is effected by oriental and islamic art and the usage of ornamentation, dragons, miniature-like paintings are proofs for this. Scripts seem to be popular at medieval ages which I came up with several times in my research. They gave lots of information about the ages because they consisted of gothic lettered writings, ornamentations on the edges of papers, small paintings (generally religious and miniature like) and huge, decorated initials. One thing I noticed in most, maybe all, of the paintings is the lack of motion. A position of a figure or a situation was prefered. Figures seemed to be frozen, there is no feeling of act in art pieces. In paintings brush with ink seem to be most popular. Ornamentation, which I refered to in all of the branches of art at the

Ecn 3000 Homework

Harris ECN 3000 Homework #1b. Use the following information to answer questions 1-13 below. Two countries, Athens and Troy, produce two goods, ships and food, according to the following production functions: 1 ship = 4 capital + 2 labor 1 food = 1 capital + 3 labor. Athens has 200 units of capital and 100 units of labor available to produce ships and food. Troy has 100 units of capital and 150 units of labor available to produce ships and food. 1. Which good is capital intensive in production? Ship 2. Which good is labor intensive in production? Food 3.In which country is capital relatively abundant? Athens 4. In which country is labor relatively abundant? Tory 5. Based on your answers to 1 – 4 and using the Heckscher-Ohlin hypothesis, which country should specialize in the production of which good? Why? According to Heckscher-Ohlin hypothesis, countries will export products that utilize their abundant and cheap factors of production and import products that utilize the countr ies' scarce factors. As I said before, Athens is capital relatively abundant, Tory is labor relatively abundant. When a thing is abundant, it becomes cheap.Thus, Athens should specialize in the production of ship, and Troy should specialize in the production of food. 6. Calculate the limits of production for Athens and Troy. The limits of production for Athens: 200/4=50 ships or 100/3=33 foods. The limits of production for Troy: 100/4=25 ships or 150/3=50 foods. 7. Calculate the domestic terms of trade for Athens and Troy in terms of 1 ship. . 8. Based on your answer to question 7, which country should specialize in the production of which good? Why? Athens’ MRT=0. 66 and Troy’s MRT=2. So we can know Athens has comparative advantage in ship, and Troy has comparative advantage in food.Thus, Athens should specialize in the production of ship, and Troy should specialize in the production of food. 9. Draw the production possibilities curves for each country based on your a nswers to questions 6 and 7. Athens 42 33 PPC CPC 0 25 50 Ships Tory 50 25 CPC PPC 0 25 38 50 Ships 10. Supposing that Athens and Troy agree to trade ships and food at an international terms of trade of 1, what observation can you make about their relative demands for ships and food?Which country experiences the greater gains from trade? 1 ship is exchanged 1 food on condition that they agree to trade ships and food at an international term of trade of 1. Athens should trade 12. 5 ships to Troy, and Troy should trade 8. 5 foods to Athens. Troy will experience the greater gains from trade. 11. Draw the consumption possibilities curve for each country on the same graph you drew for question 9. 12. Suppose Athens wants to consume only 25 ships. How many food will it be able to consume? How many ships and how many food would Troy be able to consume?If Athens wants to consume only 25 ships, 58 foods will it be able to consume. 50 ships, 25 foods should Troy be able to consume. 13. Now, a ssume that only Athens discovers a new technology that allows it to produce ships using 1. 5 capital and 1 labor. What would be the effect on the pattern of trade between the two countries? Explain. Based on your assumption, Athens will decrease the cost of the ships. Then, the limits of production for Athens: 100/1=100 ships or 100/3=33 foods. Athens maybe experiences the greater gains from trade.However, the demand of Troy cannot be ignored. Troy may not consume that many ships. 14. Suppose that instead of trading goods, Athens and Troy decide to trade 50 units of Athens capital for 25 units of Troy’s labor. How would the countries’ relative welfare be affected? If this supposition were true, after Athens and Troy trade capital and labor, they will have same number of capital and labor. Then, the trades between these two countries are unnecessary. They can produce their own goods. ———————– Foods Foods

Abuse of power in Gullivers travels - 1707 Words

Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels presents a narrator, Lemuel Gulliver, who recounts his various sea voyages to fantastical lands. During each voyage, Gulliver encounters different societies and customs to which Gulliver must adjust to. in order to be accepted into their society The entire novel serves as a commentary on how people everywhere have a tendency to abuse the power given to them. Gulliver’s first voyage is to Lilliput. The ship that Gulliver travels on capsizes, and Gulliver finds himself on a strange unknown island. He falls asleep, and upon waking up, Gulliver finds himself surrounded and bound by numerous little people who come to be known as the Lilliputians. Gulliver describes the strange people who bound him as being†¦show more content†¦Goldstein points out that, â€Å"Criticizing institutions and human natures tendency to trust those who wield political authority, Swift condemns our reluctance to safeguard our freedom. Swift expose s submissiveness and its consequence: a loss of liberty,† (iv). Gulliver trusts the Emperor due to the political power he wields without questioning what agreeing to these articles mean for himself. Altogether, these articles which allow Gulliver ‘freedom’, are just a way of further enslaving him, and making sure that Lilliput can abuse the power of Gulliver whenever they so choose. The controversy over the proper way to crack an egg is a way of addressing an abuse of power. A rule was enacted to determine the proper side to crack an egg on after a particular incident: It is allowed on all hands, that the primitive way of breaking Eggs before we eat them, was upon the larger End: But his present Majesty’s Grandfather, while he was a Boy, going to eat an Egg, and breaking it according to the ancient Practice, happened to cut one of his Fingers. Whereupon the Emperor his father published an Edict, commanding all his Subjects, upon great Penaltys, to break the smaller End of their Eggs. (40-41) The manner in which people eat their eggs does not really matter in the grand scheme of things. This incident displays an abuse of power because the Emperor used his power to decree howShow MoreRelatedOroonoko and Gullivers Travels Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesOroonoko and Gulliver’s Travels By Melissa Eason Mrs. Sarbani Bose Eng 232-69 February 18, 2011 Oroonoko and Gulliver’s Travels Gulliver’s Travels and Oroonoko shatter the myth that European culture was more civilized than â€Å"newly discovered† savage countries. The most prominent examples in Oroonoko are their treatment of the slaves and how they are punished. In Gulliver’s Travels the evidence revolves around how petty, destructive, illogical, and unreasonable human beings act. 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